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 谷歌围棋王对局李世乭引发的七个思考 |
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谷歌围棋王对局李世乭引发的七个思考 -- hwarrensen - (7931 Byte) 2016-3-28 周一, 12:31 (3706 reads) |
hwarrensen
[博客]
[个人文集]
头衔: 海归少将
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加入时间: 2004/02/22
文章: 1961
海归分: 300133
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作者：hwarrensen 在 生活风情 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
· 谷歌围棋王对局南韩国手李世乭负前三局 – 参见英文 “围棋大师”网站 (Go Game Guru) 文章 “AlphaGo races ahead 2–0 against Lee Sedol”( https://gogameguru.com/alphago-races-ahead-2-0-lee-sedol/) 和 “AlphaGo shows its true strength in 3rd victory against Lee Sedol”( https://gogameguru.com/alphago-shows-true-strength-3rd-victory-lee-sedol/)。新浪网 “观察家”有不少有意思的中文评论：《人工智能赢了棋，人类赢了未来》(https://news.sina.com.cn/zl/ruijian/2016-03-10/09105586.shtml); 《AlphaGo与李世石的对战，谁的收获更大？》(https://news.sina.com.cn/zl/ruijian/2016-03-11/09375599.shtml); 《AlphaGo赢了，人类输了吗？》(https://news.sina.com.cn/zl/ruijian/2016-03-11/09415600.shtml); 《当机器抢了你的工作，人类该怎么办？》(https://news.sina.com.cn/zl/ruijian/2016-03-10/09205589.shtml)。
· 李世乭在第四局扳回一城 – 参见香港文匯報、卫报(The Guardian) 、和《华尔街日报》(Wall Street Journal) 报道： 《人機對決：李世石「神之一手」首贏電腦》(https://paper.wenweipo.com/2016/03/14/GJ1603140013.htm)，“Go humans: Lee Sedol scores first victory against supercomputer”(https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/13/go-humans-lee-sedol-scores-first-victory-against-supercomputer), “Go Champion Beats AlphaGo Software on Fourth Try”(https://www.wsj.com/articles/go-champion-beats-alphago-software-on-fourth-try-1457860572)。
· 李世乭对谷歌围棋王最后一局失利，人以1 ： 4 负于机器 – 参见 Wired 网文章 “Why the Final Game Between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol Is Such a Big Deal for Humanity” (https://www.wired.com/2016/03/final-game-alphago-lee-sedol-big-deal-humanity/)。
· 宇文博博客文章《人工生命和人工智能》(https://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_52df0b230100odil.html)。
· IBM 深蓝战胜国际象棋大师 – 参见IBM网站文章 “Deep Blue”( https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/)。 文章中特意描述了深蓝的首席程序设计师，毕业于台湾国立台湾大学的許峰雄 (Feng-hsiung Hsu)。关于許峰雄可参见维基词条 “Feng-hsiung Hsu”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng-hsiung_Hsu)。
· 关于围棋的复杂性 – 参见Nature 2016n1月27日文章 “Google AI algorithm masters ancient game of Go - Deep-learning software defeats human professional for first time,”Nature News 592 (7987), 2016 (https://www.nature.com/news/google-ai-algorithm-masters-ancient-game-of-go-1.19234)。
· 人工智能未解决五十年前提出的任何难题 – 参见新浪“观察家”文章 (https://news.sina.com.cn/zl/ruijian/2016-03-13/10235604.shtml)。
· 谷歌公布的算法 – 参见谷歌博客文章 “AlphaGo: Mastering the ancient game of Go with Machine Learning”: “AlphaGo’s search algorithm is much more human-like than previous approaches. For example, when Deep Blue played chess, it searched by brute force over thousands of times more positions than AlphaGo. Instead, AlphaGo looks ahead by playing out the remainder of the game in its imagination, many times over - a technique known as Monte-Carlo tree search. But unlike previous Monte-Carlo programs, AlphaGo uses deep neural networks to guide its search. During each simulated game, the policy network suggests intelligent moves to play, while the value network astutely evaluates the position that is reached. Finally, AlphaGo chooses the move that is most successful in simulation.” (https://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2016/01/alphago-mastering-ancient-game-of-go.html)。
· 西安电子科技大学通信工程学院有一篇文章也介绍分析了谷歌的算法 – 参见西电通院网文《告诉你为什么最强围棋选手首战会败给人工智能》(https://wzaobao.com/p/1eexaZM.html)。
· 深度学习文献– “科学网”的文章《【数字智能三篇】之三： 一页纸说清楚“什么是深度学习？”》(https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-4099-785174.html) 是一篇相当不错的科普。如要深入了解这方面的文献，可参见瑞士AI实验室介绍文章 “Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview” (https://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/DeepLearning8Oct2014.pdf); 斯坦福大学教程 “A Tutorial on Deep Learning” (https://cs.stanford.edu/~quocle/tutorial1.pdf, https://cs.stanford.edu/~quocle/tutorial2.pdf) ; 蒙特利尔大学LISA实验室教程 “Deep Learning Tutorial”( https://deeplearning.net/tutorial/deeplearning.pdf); 西安电子科技大学文章《神经网络七十年：回顾与展望》, 计算机学报 39, 2016 (https://cjc.ict.ac.cn/online/bfpub/jlc-2016115155342.pdf)。
· 人工智能用核武器毁灭人类 – 参见“知乎”词条《如果苹果、谷歌、微软打算毁灭世界会怎样？》:
- 2050年12月，聚集了三千人的北美人类抵抗军借漫天风雪的掩护冲击至前苹果公司“飞船”总部，意图摧毁Siri的核心计算集群，但最终被AI部队全面屠杀，史称“最后的圣诞节”。最后一个抵抗军战士在被火箭弹炸成肉碎之前，看到了这样一番景象：飞船总部的外墙玻璃全部碎裂，每层楼中都看得见集群工作站的电源LED蓝光闪闪，如同鬼火。和人类抵抗军领袖的想法相反，“飞船”总部对AI而言无关紧要，也并不是Siri Enterprise的核心部分。Siri Enterprise作为分布系统没有核心。
- 2051年1月1日0点0时：Siri Enterprise对全球发动无差别核武攻击，以图一举消灭剩余人类，史称“审判日”。巨大的核火球在世界各地的城市升起。剩余极少数人类躲藏在山区，放弃全部科技，过着极度原始的生活。全球生态崩溃。
- 2055年，崩溃的人类社会已完全退化到石器时代，残存的人类在核冬天中依靠搜集文明的残留物 苟延残喘。
- 在幸存人类的眼里，昔日的文明已是遥不可及的回忆，对他们而言那些AI无人机不再是失控的技术，而是至高无上、残酷无情的神。剩余的人类把旧时代的失效电子物件比如iPhone，Macbook，Apple Watch当作代表Siri的偶像供奉起来，日日祈祷，以图求得人工智能的宽恕和免死。
- 2061年：最后一个男性人类在西伯利亚的一个深矿井中死于寒冷和营养不良。他身着兽皮，蜷缩着死在了一个简陋的祭坛下面。祭坛上摆放的，是一台屏幕破碎但外壳如新的旧时代产物：iMac 27'' Retina 5K.”(https://www.zhihu.com/question/29460939)。
· 雌性机器人索菲亚的三个愿望 – 参见每日邮报 (Daily Mail) 文章 “Eerily lifelike robots will walk among us in just 20 years - if they don't destroy us first: Humanoid called Sophia reveals 'her' aspirations in an interview with her maker”：When quizzed by robotics designer David Hanson, an eerie-looking humanoid called Sophia revealed “she would like to go to school, have a family...and destroy humans.”( https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3496982/Eerily-lifelike-robots-walk-just-20-years-don-t-destroy-Humanoid-called-Sophia-reveals-aspirations-interview-maker.html)。
· 史密森尼学会关于物种灭绝的文章 – 参见 Smithsonian Geologic Time, Foundational Concepts: Extinction :
“Extinction has occurred throughout the history of life on Earth. It is the ultimate fate of all species. In fact, it has been estimated that 99.9% of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct.”(https://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/foundation_life4.html)。
· 微软和通用汽车的笑话 – 网上几乎随便就能搜到，比如哈佛网站的 (https://www.hcs.harvard.edu/pnw/microsoftjoke.htm):
For all of us who feel only the deepest love and affection for the way computers have enhanced our lives, read on. At a recent computer expo (COMDEX), Bill Gates reportedly compared the computer industry with the auto industry and stated, "If GM had kept up with technology like the computer industry has, we would all be driving $25.00 cars that got 1,000 miles to the gallon."
In response to Bill's comments, General Motors issued a press release stating: If GM had developed technology like Microsoft, we would all be driving cars with the following characteristics:
1. For no reason whatsoever, your car would crash twice a day.
2. Every time they repainted the lines in the road, you would have to buy a new car.
3. Occasionally your car would die on the freeway for no reason. You would have to pull to the side of the road, close all of the windows, shut off the car, restart it, and reopen the windows before you could continue. For some reason you would simply accept this.
4. Occasionally, executing a maneuver such as a left turn would cause your car to shut down and refuse to restart, in which case you would have to reinstall the engine.
5. Macintosh would make a car that was powered by the sun, was reliable, five times as fast and twice as easy to drive - but would run on only five percent of the roads.
6. The oil, water temperature, and alternator warning lights would all be replaced by a single "This Car Has Performed An Illegal Operation" warning light.
7. The airbag system would ask "Are you sure?" before deploying. Occasionally, for no reason whatsoever, your car would lock you out and refuse to let you in until you simultaneously lifted the door handle, turned the key and grabbed hold of the radio antenna.
8. Every time a new car was introduced car buyers would have to learn how to drive all over again because none of the controls would operate in the same manner as the old car.
9. You'd have to press the "Start" button to turn the engine off."
· 关于Renaissance Technologies – 参见Scott Patterson 的书 “The Quants, How a New Breed of Match Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed It,” Crown Publishing Group, 2010。
· 关于深度学习神经网络和语音识别 – 参见清华大学刘超2015年硕士学位论文《语音识别中的深度学习方法》(https://cslt.riit.tsinghua.edu.cn/~fzheng/THESES/201506-M-LC.pdf)。关于深度学习神经网络和计算机视觉，参见香港中文大学王晓刚文章《深度学习在图像识别中的研究进展与展望》(https://s3.amazonaws.com/piazza-resources/i48o74a0lqu0/i4fcg2o44k63n6/deep_recognition.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIEDNRLJ4AZKBW6HA&Expires=1458373211&Signature=LGwHPzsuWhIhrAls1bZ0Jnlre4o%3D)。
· 谷歌的纳米机器人 – 参见谷歌网站文章 “Nanobots-The Next Cure for Cancer”(https://sites.google.com/site/fictiontoreality/nanobots-the-next-cure-for-cancer)。
· 《猎物》和《追逐小钱》— Michael Crichton “Prey”; Michael Connelly “Chasing The Dime”
· IBM的纳米碳管三极管技术取得突破性进展 – 参见IBM 2015年10月1日新闻 “BM Research Breakthrough Paves Way for Post-Silicon Future with Carbon Nanotube Electronics”( https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/47767.wss)。关于IBM的应用化学自组织 (Chemical Self-Assembly) 方法实现纳米三极管商业化，参见 ExtremeTech 2012年10月29日文章 “IBM creates first high-density, self-assembled carbon nanotube computer chip”( https://www.extremetech.com/computing/138995-ibm-creates-first-mass-producible-self-assembled-carbon-nanotube-computer-chip)。
· 台湾师大资工系博士黄士杰 – 参见國立交通大學圖書館脸书网页 “围棋王 DeepMind” (https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=942194102496985&id=395124717203929)
March 10 at 6:25am
黃士傑(Aja Huang)，是交大人！
National Chiao Tung University
Bachelor, Computer and Information Science
1997 年 – 2001 年
Master of Computer Science, Information Engineering
2001 年 – 2003 年
National Taiwan Normal University
Ph.D, Computer Science and Information Engineering
2004 年 – 2011 年
來源：https://uk.linkedin.com/in/ajahuang
· 复杂性理论里“混沌边缘”的概念 – 参见宇文博博文《生命: 行走在混沌边缘》(https://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_52df0b230100i2dn.html)，其中提到了Roger Lewin的书“Compelxity: Life at the Edge of Chaos.”简介见芝加哥大学出版社介绍 (https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3632102.html)。
· 独角兽Zenefits – 参见CNBC二月26日 新闻 “In ‘Strategic Refocus,’ Troubled Zenefits Lets 250 Employees Go”( https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/26/in-strategic-refocus-troubled-zenefits-lets-250-employees-go.html)。
· 汤匙火箭 – 参见CNBC 三月18日新闻 “Some food delivery apps starved for funding”(https://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/18/some-food-delivery-app-starved-for-funding.html)。
· 尔曹身与名俱灭，不废江河万古流 -- 杜甫《戏为六绝句》之二：“王杨卢骆当时体，轻薄为文哂未休。尔曹身与名俱灭，不废江河万古流。”
· 沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春 -- 刘禹锡《酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠》：" 巴山楚水凄凉地，二十三年弃置身。怀旧空吟闻笛赋，到乡翻似烂柯人。沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。今日听君歌一曲，暂凭杯酒长精神。"
作者：hwarrensen 在 生活风情 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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